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RF Electronics: Design and Simulation

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RF Electronics Chapter 3: Transformers and Hybrids Page 63 2022, C. J. Kikkert, James Cook University, ISBN 978-0-6486803-9-0. In some instances, many signals need to be combined or a signal needs to be split many ways. The hybrids described above can be cascaded to provide a many way splitter/combiner. However, each of those hybrids will include a 25 Ω to 50 Ω impedance transformation transformer. Some savings can be made by using a 4 way hybrid as shown in figure 3.20, where three of two way hybrids are used together to combine 4 input signals and then have a 12.5 Ω output, which can be transformed to 50 Ω by using a 2:1 transformer, as shown in figure 3.20. This saves two transformers, each of which will have some losses associated with it. In addition, the 4:1 impedance transformation is exact, while the 2:1 impedance transformation is actually a 2.25:1 impedance transformation with the 3:2 turns ratio of the transformer. Two of the hybrids below operate at a 50 Ω impedance and one operates at a 25 Ω impedance. The number of turns on the transformer coils needs to be adjusted to allow for this. References 1. H. Granberg, "Broadband transformers and power combining techniques for RF", Mototola Application Note AN749. https://community.nxp.com/t5/Other-NXP- Products /Helge-Granberg-AN749-EB104-and-the-legacy-of-Freescale/m-p/ 261491 2. Minicircuits.Application note AN20-001 "How RF Transformers work" http://www.minicircuits.com/app/AN20-001.pdf 3. Minicircuits.Application note AN20-002 "Application Note on Transformers" http://www.minicircuits.com/app/AN20-002.pdf RF Electronics: Design and Simulation 63 www.cadence.com/go/awr

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