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RF Electronics Chapter 1: Introduction Page 2 2022, C. J. Kikkert, James Cook University, ISBN 978-0-6486803-9-0. At lower frequencies, many of the analogue circuits are being replaced with digital circuits. Analogue circuit design techniques are used for much of the circuitry in any transmitter and receiver circuit used in Radio, TV, Microwave, Mobile Phone, Wireless LAN etc. Digital techniques, such as software-defined radio, digital predistortion and digital signal processing techniques are increasingly being used to enhance the performance, reduce the cost and make the transmitters and receivers more flexible. RF in Filter and RF Amplifier Mixer Filter and IF Amplifier Transformer Demodulator or ADC Mixer Filter and RF Amplifier Local Oscillator Local Oscillator Filter and IF Amplifier Matching Modulator or DAC RF out Transmitter Receiver Audio or Data In Audio or Data Out Figure 1.2. Typical Transmitter and Receiver Block Diagram. A traditional block diagram of a receiver and a transmitter is shown in figure 1.2. The basic building blocks in this diagram are RF Transformer, Mixer, RF and IF amplifier, Local Oscillator and a demodulator or detector. In this course, we will look at many of these elements in detail. For consumer devices with large production runs, such as mobile phones and USB dongles for Digital TV, Bluetooth or WLAN, many of the blocks in figure 1.2, are combined in one package, which contains one or more ICs. A typical example of this is a Bluetooth dongle, shown in figure 1.3. All the RF functions, including the 2.5 GHz transmitter and receiver, all the protocol handling and the USB interface are contained in the two IC's on figure 1.3. The antenna is included, as an element on the PCB, as the zigzag track on the left. Note that the end of that track is not connected. For efficient radiation, the length of the track is close to a quarter wavelength. Figure 1.3. Typical Consumer RF Module. (Unbranded Bluetooth USB Adapter) RF Electronics: Design and Simulation 2 www.cadence.com/go/awr